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Department of Zoology

 

Life on Earth is experiencing a rapid period of change. Human activities such as land-use, climate change, and over-exploitation are causing a significant restructuring of biodiversity worldwide, likely on the scale of a mass extinction. In parallel, the semiconductive properties of silicon and the scalability of the transistor have led to a revolution in computing, ushering in a new age of scientific progress. This computer revolution has enabled new tools and ways of thinking. For ecology, computers have significantly developed our understanding of ecosystems and global biodiversity change.

In my work I use computational models and data to investigate the causes and consequences of global biodiversity change. I have a broad interest in biodiversity modelling, ecological economics, ecosystem service risk projection (particularly crop pollination), digital metrics for monitoring human-nature interactions, evidence synthesis, the application and ethics of AI in research, and future thinking for biodiversity change prediction and solutions.

My current role is as Leverhulme Early Career Fellow in the Agroecology Research Group. Prior to my current role I led the development of the Species Awareness Index and the meta-analytic platform Dynameta; designed ensemble threat-response models for predicting global insect biodiversity change; built automated data-handling systems for CITES data; and was a contributing author on a No. 10 Cabinet Briefing on the reintroduction of behavioural interventions for COVID-19.

Biography

Academic History

2024 – present: Leverhulme Early Career Fellow, University of Cambridge

2024: Visiting Researcher, University of Cambridge

2022 – 2024: Postdoctoral Researcher, Natural History Museum (London)

2021 – 2022: Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Oxford (Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science)

2017 – 2021: PhD Computational Ecology, University College London

2016 – 2017: Programme Assistant, UNEP WCMC

2015 – 2016: Publishing Assistant, Nature Publishing Group

2014 – 2015: MSc Biodiversity and Conservation, University of Leeds

2011 – 2014: BSc Zoology, University of Leeds

Publications

Key publications: 

Skinner, G.L., Cooke, R., Roy, H.E., Isaac, N.J., Outhwaite, C.L., Rodger, J. and Millard, J., 2026. Meta-analysis reveals negative but highly variable impacts of invasive alien species across terrestrial insect orders. Nature Communications, 17(1), p.296.

Millard, J., Outhwaite, C.L., Kinnersley, R., Freeman, R., Gregory, R.D., Adedoja, O., Gavini, S., Kioko, E., Kuhlmann, M., Ollerton, J. and Ren, Z.X., 2021. Global effects of land-use intensity on local pollinator biodiversity. Nature Communications, 12(1), p.2902.

Millard, J., Outhwaite, C.L., Ceaușu, S., Carvalheiro, L.G., da Silva e Silva, F.D., Dicks, L.V., Ollerton, J. and Newbold, T., 2023. Key tropical crops at risk from pollinator loss due to climate change and land use. Science Advances, 9(41), p.eadh0756.

Cooke, R., Outhwaite, C. L., Bladon, A. J., Millard, J., Rodger, J. G., Dong, Z., Dyer, E. E., Edney, S., Murphy, J. F., Dicks, L. V., Hui, C., Jones, J. I., Newbold, T., Purvis, A., Roy, H. E., Woodcock, B. A. and Isaac, N. J. (2025). Integrating multiple evidence streams to understand insect biodiversity change. Science. 388(45)

Millard, J., Skinner, G., Bladon, A. J., Cooke, R., Outhwaite, C. L., Rodger, J. G., Barnes, L. A., Isip, J., Keum, J., Raw, C., Wenban-Smith, E., Dicks, L. V., Hui, C., Jones, J. I., Woodcock, B., Isaac, N. J., Purvis, A. (2025). A multi-threat meta-analytic database for understanding insect biodiversity change. Diversity and Distributions

Millard, J., Freeman, R. and Newbold, T., 2020. Text‐analysis reveals taxonomic and geographic disparities in animal pollination literature. Ecography, 43(1), pp.44-59.

Johnson, T.F., Cornford, R., Dove, S., Freeman, R. and Millard, J., 2023. Achieving a real‐time online monitoring system for conservation culturomics. Conservation Biology, 37(4), p.e14096.

Millard, J., Gregory, R.D., Jones, K.E. and Freeman, R., 2021. The species awareness index as a conservation culturomics metric for public biodiversity awareness. Conservation Biology, 35(2), pp.472-482.

Millard, J., Christie, A.P., Dicks, L.V., Isip, J.E., Johnson, T.F., Skinner, G. and Spake, R., 2024. ChatGPT is likely reducing opportunity for support, friendship and learned kindness in research. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(10), pp.1764-1766.

Skinner, G., Cooke, R., Keum, J., Purvis, A., Raw, C., Woodcock, B.A. and Millard, J., 2023. Dynameta: A dynamic platform for ecological meta-analyses in R Shiny. SoftwareX, 23(101439)

Dorm, F., Millard, J., Purves, D., Harfoot, M. and Mac Aodha, O., 2026. Large language models possess some ecological knowledge, but how much? Ecological Informatics, (95)103699

Other publications: 

Barnes, L.A., Wenban‐Smith, E., Skinner, G., Dicks, L.V., Millard, J. and Bladon, A.J., 2025. Differing Impacts of Livestock Farming and Ranching on Aquatic Insect Biodiversity: A Global Meta‐Analysis. Global Change Biology, 31(9), p.e70513.

Scheepens, D., Millard, J., Farrell, M. and Newbold, T., 2024. Large language models help facilitate the automated synthesis of information on potential pest controllers. Methods in Ecology and Evolution.

Williams, J.J., Newbold, T., Millard, J., Groner, V.P. and Pearson, R.G., 2024. Important crop pollinators respond less negatively to anthropogenic land use than other animals. Ecology and Evolution, 14(11), p.e70486.

Johnson, T.F., Simmons, B.I., Millard, J., Strydom, T., Danet, A., Sweeny, A.R. and Evans, L.C., 2024. Pressure to publish introduces large‐language model risks. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 15(10), pp.1771-1773.

Cornford, R., Millard, J., González‐Suárez, M., Freeman, R. and Johnson, T.F., 2022. Automated synthesis of biodiversity knowledge requires better tools and standardised research output. Ecography, 2022(3), p.e06068.

Verissimo, D.G., Johnson, T.F., Millard, J., and Roll, U., 2023. Adopt digital tools to monitor social dimensions of the global biodiversity framework. Conservation Letters, 17(1).

Newbold, T., Adams, G.L., Albaladejo Robles, G., Boakes, E.H., Braga Ferreira, G., Chapman, A.S., Etard, A., Gibb, R., Millard, J., Outhwaite, C.L. and Williams, J.J., 2019. Climate and land-use change homogenise terrestrial biodiversity, with consequences for ecosystem functioning and human well-being. Emerging Topics in Life Sciences, 3(2), pp.207-219.

Leverhulme Early Career Fellow
Joe Millard

Affiliations