skip to content

Department of Zoology

 

Biography

Mark Spalding has a passion for the natural environment, particularly the oceans. He has worked continuously in the international conservation arena since graduating, and while studying for his PhD. He has built up an extensive experience, including fieldwork, regional and global studies. Alongside producing key publications on tropical coastal ecosystems he has worked more widely on oceans and protected areas issues, most recently having a strong focus on measuring ecosystem service delivery at large to global scales.

 

Current position.

His work centres on the mapping and modelling of ecosystem services, including nature-dependent tourism, coastal protection, fisheries enhancement and carbon storage and sequestration. He has a particular expertise and considerable experience in mangrove forests, coral reefs and in marine protected areas. Much of this work is collaborative with international academic and NGO partners, and importantly as principle investigator with post-doctoral researchers and others in Cambridge. The aim of this work is to communicate, inform and support global, regional and local science and policy audiences as a means of ensuring timely and appropriate conservation actions and investments. Key components of ongoing work include:

  • Research and modelling of the role of ecosystems in coastal protection
  • Reviewing and modelling the role of mangroves and coral reefs in fisheries enhancement
  • Investigations into the quantification of tourism and recreation values of key coastal ecosystems

Science communication has been a major theme for a number of years with regular interviews for print and broadcast media and contributions through educational film and radio scripts and narration.

In his role as a lead science advisor to the the Chagos Archipelago, Mark has provided advice to the government on a broad range of environmental issues since 2014. This includes ongoing research programmes, and on management measures around the coral reefs and islands, and the large military installation of Diego Garcia. Chagos includes one of the world's largest marine protected areas, with some of the world's least impacted coral reefs. 

 

Previous Employment

2002-2004 – Independent consultant, with positions as a Research Associate, Cambridge Coastal Research Unit, University of Cambridge and Senior Consultant, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. Outputs included: A Guide to the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean

1998-2002 - Senior Marine Ecologist, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC). Led research and managed team on coral reefs, mangroves and seagrasses. Managed marine protected areas information. Outputs included Reefs at Risk, World Atlas of Coral Reefs, World Atlas of Seagrasses.

1994-1998 – PhD, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge. Also wrote World Mangrove Atlas.

1990-1994 - Marine Research Officer, WCMC. Co-ordinator of marine activities, working on marine protected areas, small island states, and coral reef and mangrove mapping.

University.
Clare College, Cambridge (1987-90). Natural Sciences.
Clare College and Department of Geography, University of Cambridge (1994-1998). PhD

 

Project management experience
Lead scientist, Mapping Ocean Wealth. Initially a 3-year project with global and field components developing tools and maps of key ecosystem services and placing these into policy-relevant outputs, reports and communications.

Natural Coastal Protection. Supervising a post-doc and associated international partners to investigate and better quantify the importance of natural ecosystems as coastal defence. Leading 3 international workshops

Oyster Reef Ecosystem Services. Supervising a post-doc and Science Advisory Group of 15 experts to review the historic and present distribution of oyster reefs in the US and quantify key ecosystem services

Marine Ecoregions of the World. Selected and led a group of 15, representing 11 different organisations, in a 2-year process to devise a biogeographic categorisation for the world’s coasts and oceans

Global habitat mapping. Led global mapping work on coral reefs, mangroves, seagrasses and saltmarshes with UNEP-WCMC, FAO and other partners.

Coral reef research expeditions. Undertaken several expeditions and led or co-led boat-based expeditions to the Seychelles and Chagos Archipelago in 1998, 1999, 2001, and 2005. Field visits in advisory capacity to Chagos Archipelago annually since 2014.

Research

Global and regional reviews and assessments of marine ecosystems, ecosystem services, threats and conservation efforts.

The Nature Conservancy is, by most metrics, one of the “big hitters” in the world of international nature conservation efforts – working in 70 countries, and seeking to influence policy and society at local, national and global levels. TNC is one of the leading NGOs in marine conservation, with hundreds of field practitioners across the Americas, Asia and the Pacific and Indian Oceans: we are actively engaged in fishing villages in Indonesia, restoring shellfish reefs in the USA, supporting national governments in marine spatial planning in the Caribbean and much much more. But such efforts would remain piecemeal without a broader vision and the means to tell the wider story and spread the messages of success.

The Nature Conservancy’s (TNC) work in marine and coastal settings attempts to connect the vast wealth of experiences within and beyond our organisation, to share ideas and to develop new ones. My own work has a strong focus on global assessments of biodiversity distribution and the ecosystem services from these. I also look at large-scale human impacts and conservation efforts. Such information is critical to influence regional to global-level decisions which are becoming increasingly important in the face of globalised threats such as climate change and overfishing.

It is essential that such large-scale assessments are fully informed by, and closely connected to, conservation practice on the ground. This needs to be a 2-way flow, with the big-picture information also feeding back down to finer scales in order to inform and provide context for conservation action on the ground. Being based in Cambridge University also provides a critical peer-network – a place where hard-thinking, and positive criticism helps to shape and build ideas; and also a place with an extraordinary web of other environmental NGOs and practitioners (see www.cambridgeconservationforum.org.uk).

Working with post-docs and partners we are helping to inform conservation management, priority setting and future investment policies. Our work aims to inform national governments, global policy, and the international efforts to undertake conservation actions on the ground. We achieve this through engagement in academic and policy fora, and in the regular and high profile, publication of scientific findings which will inform and direct academic, policy and public awareness. TNC has a particular influence through its national level engagement with country programmes making regular direct use of our science, and through feeding our findings into wider programmes including the Blue Bonds debt refinancing projects which are driving marine spatial planning and protected areas expansion in countries around the world.

Publications

Key publications: 

Books

Worthington, T., and M. Spalding. 2018. Mangrove Restoration Potential. A global map highlighting a critical opportunity. The Nature Conservancy, IUCN, University of Cambridge.

Lewis, N., J. C. Day, D. Wagner, C. Gaymer, A. Friedlander, J. Parks, A. Wilhelm, S. White, C. Sheppard, M. Spalding, G. San Martin, A. Skeat, S. Taei, T. Teroroko, and J. Evans. 2017. Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for design and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

Spalding, M. D., R. D. Brumbaugh, and E. Landis. 2016. Atlas of Ocean Wealth. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.

Van Lavieren, H., M. Spalding, D. Alongi, M. Kainuma, M. Clüsener-Godt, and Z. Adeel. 2012. Securing the Future of Mangroves. A Policy Brief. UNU-INWEH, UNESCO MAB with ISME, ITTO, FAO, UNEP WCMC and TNC, Hamilton, Canada.

Burke, L., K. Reytar, M. Spalding, and A. L. Perry. 2011. Reefs at Risk Revisited. World Resources Institute, The Nature Conservancy, WorldFish Center, International Coral Reef Action Network, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Washington, D.C.

Spalding, M. D., M. Kainuma, and L. Collins. 2010. World Atlas of Mangroves. Earthscan, with International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations University, London.

Hoekstra, J., J. Molnar, M. Jennings, C. Revenga, M. Spalding, T. Boucher, J. Robertson, T. J. Heibel, and K. Ellison. 2010. The Atlas of Global Conservation: changes, challenges and opportunities to make a difference. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.

Chape, S., M. Spalding, and M. Jenkins. 2008. The World's Protected Areas. Status, values, and prospects in the twenty-first century. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Spalding, M. D. 2004. A Guide to the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.

Spalding, M. D., C. Ravilious, and E. P. Green. 2001. World Atlas of Coral Reefs. University of California Press, Berkeley, California.

Bryant, D., L. Burke, J. McManus, and M. Spalding. 1998. Reefs at Risk: a map-based indicator of threats to the world's coral reefs. World Resources Institute, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, World Conservation Monitoring Centre and United Nations Environment Programme, Washington, D.C.

Spalding, M. D., F. Blasco, and C. D. Field. 1997. World Mangrove Atlas. International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Okinawa, Japan.

 

Key articles   

Spalding, M. D., Longley-Wood, K., McNulty, V. P., Constantine, S., Acosta-Morel, M., Anthony, V., . . . Tanner, D. (2023). Nature dependent tourism – combining big data and local knowledge. Journal of Environmental Management.  

Murray, N. J., T. A. Worthington, P. Bunting, S. Duce, V. Hagger, C. E. Lovelock, R. Lucas, M. Saunders, M. Sheaves, M. Spalding, N. J. Waltham, and M. B. Lyons. 2022. High-resolution mapping of losses and gains of Earth’s tidal wetlands. Science 376:744-749.

Burke, L., and M. Spalding. 2022. Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy 146:105311.

Leal, M., and M. D. Spalding, editors. 2022. The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022. Global Mangrove Alliance.

Spalding, M. D., and M. Leal, editors. 2021. The State of the World’s Mangroves 2021. Global Mangrove Alliance.

Spalding, M. D., and C. L. Parrett. 2019. Global patterns in mangrove recreation and tourism. Marine Policy 110:103540.

Spalding, M. D., L. Burke, S. Wood, J. Ashpole, J. Hutchison, and P. z. Ermgassen. 2017. Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy.

Spalding, M., I. Meliane, N. Bennett, P. Dearden, P. Patil, and R. Brumbaugh. 2016. Building towards the marine conservation end-game: consolidating the role of MPAs in a future ocean. Aquatic Conservation: Marine And Freshwater Ecosystems.

Spalding, M. D., and B. E. Brown. 2015. Warm-water coral reefs and climate change. Science 350:769-771.

Spalding, M. D., Ruffo, S., Lacambra, C., Meliane, I., Hale, L. Z., Shepard, C. C., and Beck, M. W., 2014, The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 90, p. 50-57.

Spalding, M. D., A. L. McIvor, M. W. Beck, E. W. Koch, I. Möller, D. J. Reed, P. Rubinoff, T. Spencer, T. J. Tolhurst, T. V. Wamsley, B. K. v. Wesenbeeck, E. Wolanski, and C. D. Woodroffe. 2013. Coastal ecosystems: a critical element of risk reduction Conservation Letters.

James Hutchison, Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding, "Predicting global patterns in the carbon storage of mangrove forests," Conservation Letters (2013).

Philine S E Zu Ermgassen, Mark D. Spalding, Brady Blake, Loren D. Coen, Brett Dumbauld, Steve Geiger, Jonathan H. Grabowski, Raymond Grizzle, Mark Luckenbach, Kay McGraw, Bill Rodney, Jennifer L. Ruesink, Sean P. Powers, and Robert Brumbaugh, "Historical ecology with real numbers: Past and present extent and biomass of an imperilled estuarine habitat," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2012).

Mark Spalding, Vera Agostini, Susie Grant, and Jake Rice, "Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters," Ocean and Coastal Management 90, 19-30 (2012).

M. Spalding, L. Fish, and L. Wood, "Towards representative protection of the world’s coasts and oceans – progress, gaps and opportunities," Conservation Letters 1 (5), 217-226 (2008).

Jennifer L. Molnar, Rebecca L. Gamboa, Carmen Revenga, and Mark D. Spalding, "Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity," Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6 (9), 485-492 (2008).

Benjamin S. Halpern, Shaun Walbridge, Kimberly A. Selkoe, Carrie V. Kappel, Fiorenza Micheli, Caterina D'Agrosa, John F. Bruno, Kenneth S. Casey, Colin Ebert, Helen E. Fox, Rod Fujita, Dennis Heinemann, Hunter S. Lenihan, Elizabeth M.P. Madin, Matthew T. Perry, Elizabeth R. Selig, Mark Spalding, Robert Steneck, and Reg Watson, "A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems," Science 319, 948-952 (2008).

Mark D. Spalding, Helen E. Fox, Gerald R. Allen, Nick Davidson, Zach A. Ferdaña, Max Finlayson, Benjamin S. Halpern, Miguel A. Jorge, Al Lombana, Sara A. Lourie, Kirsten D. Martin, Edmund McManus, Jennifer Molnar, Cheri A. Recchia, and James Robertson, "Marine Ecoregions of the World: a bioregionalization of coast and shelf areas," BioScience 57 (7), 573-583 (2007).

C. M. Roberts, C. J. McLean, G. R. Allen, J. P. Hawkins, D. E. McAllister, C. Mittermeier, F. Schueler, M. Spalding, J. E. N. Veron, F. Wells, C. Vynne, and T. Werner, "Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs," Science 295, 1280-1284 (2002).

 

Other publications: 

This is ALL publications and reports, including those already listed above:

2024

Grimm, K., Spalding, M., Leal, M., Kincaid, K., Aigrette, L., Amoah-Quiminee, P., . . . Zimmer., M. (2024). Including Local Ecological Knowledge (LEK) in Mangrove Conservation and Restoration. A Best-Practice Guide for Practitioners and Researchers.

Harris, J. L., Collins, C., Spalding, M., & Stevens, G. M. W. (2024). First records of the sicklefin (Mobula tarapacana), bentfin (Mobula thurstoni), and spinetail (Mobula mobular) devil rays in the Chagos Archipelago. Journal of Fish Biology, n/a(n/a).
 

2023

Maxwell, T. L., Hengl, T., Parente, L. L., Minarik, R., Worthington, T. A., Bunting, P., . . . Landis, E. (2023). Global mangrove soil organic carbon stocks dataset at 30 m resolution for the year 2020 based on spatiotemporal predictive machine learning. Data in Brief, 50, 109621.
 

Maxwell, T. L., Rovai, A. S., Adame, M. F., Adams, J. B., Álvarez-Rogel, J., Austin, W. E. N., . . . Worthington, T. A. (2023). Global dataset of soil organic carbon in tidal marshes. Scientific Data, 10(1), 797.

Spalding, M. D., Longley-Wood, K., McNulty, V. P., Constantine, S., Acosta-Morel, M., Anthony, V., . . . Tanner, D. (2023). Nature dependent tourism – combining big data and local knowledge. Journal of Environmental Management.  

Sutherland, W. J., Bennett, C., Brotherton, P. N. M., Butchart, S. H. M., Butterworth, H. M., Clarke, S. J., . . . Thornton, A. (2023). A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2024. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

Worthington, T. A., Spalding, M., Landis, E., Maxwell, T. L., Navarro, A., Smart, L. S., & Murray, N. J. (2023). The distribution of global tidal marshes from earth observation data. bioRxiv, 2023.2005.2026.542433.
 

2022

Bunting, P., A. Rosenqvist, L. Hilarides, R. M. Lucas, N. Thomas, T. Tadono, T. A. Worthington, M. Spalding, N. J. Murray, and L.-M. Rebelo. 2022. Global Mangrove Extent Change 1996-2020: Global Mangrove Watch Version 3.0. Remote Sensing 14:3657. https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/15/3657

Burke, L., and M. Spalding. 2022. Shoreline protection by the world’s coral reefs: Mapping the benefits to people, assets, and infrastructure. Marine Policy 146:105311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105311

Chaplin-Kramer, R., R. A. Neugarten, R. P. Sharp, P. M. Collins, S. Polasky, D. Hole, R. Schuster, M. Strimas-Mackey, M. Mulligan, C. Brandon, S. Diaz, E. Fluet-Chouinard, L. Gorenflo, J. A. Johnson, C. M. Kennedy, P. W. Keys, K. Longley-Wood, P. B. McIntyre, M. Noon, U. Pascual, C. R. Liermann, P. R. Roehrdanz, G. Schmidt-Traub, M. R. Shaw, M. Spalding, W. R. Turner, A. v. Soesbergen, and R. A. Watson. 2022. Mapping the planet‘s critical natural assets. Nature Ecology & Evolution. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-022-01934-5

Gatt, Y. M., D. A. Andradi-Brown, G. N. Ahmadia, P. A. Martin, W. J. Sutherland, M. D. Spalding, A. Donnison, and T. A. Worthington. 2022. Quantifying the reporting, coverage and consistency of key indicators in mangrove restoration projects. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2022.720394/full

Leal, M., and M. D. Spalding, editors. 2022. The State of the World’s Mangroves 2022. Global Mangrove Alliance.

Murray, N. J., P. Bunting, R. F. Canto, L. Hilarides, E. V. Kennedy, R. M. Lucas, M. B. Lyons, A. Navarro, C. M. Roelfsema, A. Rosenqvist, M. D. Spalding, M. Toor, and T. A. Worthington. 2022. coastTrain: a global reference library for coastal ecosystems. Remote Sensing 14:5766

Murray, N. J., T. A. Worthington, P. Bunting, S. Duce, V. Hagger, C. E. Lovelock, R. Lucas, M. Saunders, M. Sheaves, M. Spalding, N. J. Waltham, and M. B. Lyons. 2022. High-resolution mapping of losses and gains of Earth’s tidal wetlands. Science 376:744-749. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm9583

Spalding, M. 2022. Resilience: Ensuring a Future for Coastal and Marine Tourism. Sustainable Coastal and Marine Tourism. High Level Panel for a Sustainable Ocean Economy. https://oceanpanel.org/opportunity/sustainable-coastal-marine-tourism/

Sutherland, W. J., C. Bennett, P. N. M. Brotherton, H. M. Butterworth, M. N. Clout, I. M. Côté, J. Dinsdale, N. Esmail, E. Fleishman, K. J. Gaston, J. E. Herbert-Read, A. Hughes, H. Kaartokallio, X. L. Roux, F. A. Lickorish, W. Matcham, N. Noor, J. E. Palardy, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. S. Peck, N. Pettorelli, J. Pretty, R. Scobey, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, N. Tubbs, J. E. M. Watson, J. E. Wentworth, J. D. Wilson, and A. Thornton. 2022. A Global Biological Conservation Horizon Scan of Issues for 2023. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.005

2021

Koldewey, H., N. Atchison-Balmond, N. Graham, R. Jones, C. Perry, C. Sheppard, M. Spalding, J. Turner, and G. Williams. 2021. Key climate change effects on the coastal and marine environment around the Indian Ocean UK Overseas Territories. Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership,Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership, London

Spalding, M. D., and M. Leal, editors. 2021. The State of the World’s Mangroves 2021. Global Mangrove Alliance. https://www.mangrovealliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/The-State-of-the-Worlds-Mangroves-2021-FINAL-1.pdf

Sutherland, W. J., P. W. Atkinson, S. Broad, S. Brown, M. Clout, M. P. Dias, L. V. Dicks, H. Doran, E. Fleishman, E. L. Garratt, K. J. Gaston, A. C. Hughes, X. Le Roux, F. A. Lickorish, L. Maggs, J. E. Palardy, L. S. Peck, N. Pettorelli, J. Pretty, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, M. Walpole, J. E. M. Watson, J. Wentworth, and A. Thornton. 2021. A 2021 Horizon Scan of Emerging Global Biological Conservation Issues. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534720303062

Sutherland, W. J., P. W. Atkinson, S. H. M. Butchart, M. Capaja, L. V. Dicks, E. Fleishman, K. J. Gaston, R. S. Hails, A. C. Hughes, B. Le Anstey, X. Le Roux, F. A. Lickorish, L. Maggs, N. Noor, T. E. E. Oldfield, J. E. Palardy, L. S. Peck, N. Pettorelli, J. Pretty, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, G. Truelove, J. E. M. Watson, J. Wentworth, J. D. Wilson, and A. Thornton. 2021. A horizon scan of global biological conservation issues for 2022. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169534721002895

2020

Dahdouh-Guebas, F., G. N. Ajonina, A. A. Amir, D. A. Andradi-Brown, I. Aziz, T. Balke, E. B. Barbier, S. Cannicci, S. M. Cragg, M. Cunha-Lignon, D. J. Curnick, C. M. Duarte, N. C. Duke, C. Endsor, S. Fratini, I. C. Feller, F. Fromard, J. Hugé, M. Huxham, J. G. Kairo, T. Kajita, K. Kathiresan, N. Koedam, S. Y. Lee, H.-J. Lin, J. R. Mackenzie, M. M. Mangora, C. Marchand, T. Meziane, T. E. Minchinton, N. Pettorelli, J. Polanía, G. Polgar, M. Poti, J. Primavera, A. Quarto, S. M. Rog, B. Satyanarayana, Y. Schaeffer-Novelli, M. Spalding, T. Van der Stocken, D. Wodehouse, J. W. H. Yong, M. Zimmer, and D. A. Friess. 2020. Public Perceptions of Mangrove Forests Matter for Their Conservation. Frontiers in Marine Science 7. https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmars.2020.603651

Hays, G. C., H. J. Koldewey, S. Andrzejaczek, M. J. Attrill, S. Barley, D. T. I. Bayley, C. E. Benkwitt, B. Block, R. J. Schallert, A. B. Carlisle, P. Carr, T. K. Chapple, C. Collins, C. Diaz, N. Dunn, R. B. Dunbar, D. S. Eager, J. Engel, C. B. Embling, N. Esteban, F. Ferretti, N. L. Foster, R. Freeman, M. Gollock, N. A. J. Graham, J. L. Harris, C. E. I. Head, P. Hosegood, K. L. Howell, N. E. Hussey, D. M. P. Jacoby, R. Jones, S. Sannassy Pilly, I. D. Lange, T. B. Letessier, E. Levy, M. Lindhart, J. M. McDevitt-Irwin, M. Meekan, J. J. Meeuwig, F. Micheli, A. O. M. Mogg, J. A. Mortimer, D. A. Mucciarone, M. A. Nicoll, A. Nuno, C. T. Perry, S. G. Preston, A. J. Rattray, E. Robinson, R. C. Roche, M. Schiele, E. V. Sheehan, A. Sheppard, C. Sheppard, A. L. Smith, B. Soule, M. Spalding, G. M. W. Stevens, M. Steyaert, S. Stiffel, B. M. Taylor, D. Tickler, A. M. Trevail, P. Trueba, J. Turner, S. Votier, B. Wilson, G. J. Williams, B. J. Williamson, M. J. Williamson, H. Wood, and D. J. Curnick. 2020. A review of a decade of lessons from one of the world’s largest MPAs: conservation gains and key challenges. Marine Biology 167:159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-020-03776-w

Spalding, M., L. Burke, and A. Fyall. 2020. Covid-19: implications for nature and tourism. Anatolia:1-2. https://doi.org/10.1080/13032917.2020.1791524

Sutherland, W. J., M. P. Dias, L. V. Dicks, H. Doran, A. C. Entwistle, E. Fleishman, D. W. Gibbons, R. Hails, A. C. Hughes, J. Hughes, R. Kelman, X. Le Roux, B. LeAnstey, F. A. Lickorish, L. Maggs, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. S. Peck, N. Pettorelli, J. Pretty, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, J. Wentworth, and A. Thornton. 2020. A Horizon Scan of Emerging Global Biological Conservation Issues for 2020. Trends in Ecology & Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2019.10.010

Worthington, T. A., D. A. Andradi-Brown, R. Bhargava, C. Buelow, P. Bunting, C. Duncan, L. Fatoyinbo, D. A. Friess, L. Goldberg, L. Hilarides, D. Lagomasino, E. Landis, K. Longley-Wood, C. E. Lovelock, N. J. Murray, S. Narayan, A. Rosenqvist, M. Sievers, M. Simard, N. Thomas, P. van Eijk, C. Zganjar, and M. Spalding. 2020. Harnessing Big Data to Support the Conservation and Rehabilitation of Mangrove Forests Globally. One Earth 2:429-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.04.018

Worthington, T. A., P. S. E. z. Ermgassen, D. A. Friess, K. W. Krauss, C. E. Lovelock, J. Thorley, R. Tingey, C. D. Woodroffe, P. Bunting, N. Cormier, D. Lagomasino, R. Lucas, N. J. Murray, W. J. Sutherland, and M. Spalding. 2020. A global biophysical typology of mangroves and its relevance for ecosystem structure and deforestation. Scientific Reports. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71194-5

zu Ermgassen, P. S. E., N. Mukherjee, T. A. Worthington, A. Acosta, A. R. d. Rocha Araujo, C. M. Beitl, G. A. Castellanos-Galindo, M. Cunha-Lignon, F. Dahdouh-Guebas, K. Diele, C. L. Parrett, P. G. Dwyer, J. R. Gair, A. Frederick Johnson, B. Kuguru, A. Savio Lobo, N. Loneragan, K. Longley-Wood, J. T. Mendonça, J.-O. Meynecke, R. N. Mandal, C. N. Munga, B. G. Reguero, P. Rönnbäck, J. Thorley, M. Wolff, and M. Spalding. 2020. Fishers who rely on mangroves: Modelling and mapping the global intensity of mangrove-associated fisheries. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science:106975. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027277142030706X

2019

Spalding, M. D., and C. L. Parrett. 2019. Global patterns in mangrove recreation and tourism. Marine Policy 110:103540. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0308597X18306602

Sutherland, W. J., S. Broad, S. H. M. Butchart, S. J. Clarke, A. M. Collins, L. V. Dicks, H. Doran, N. Esmail, E. Fleishman, N. Frost, K. J. Gaston, D. W. Gibbons, A. C. Hughes, Z. Jiang, R. Kelman, B. LeAnstey, X. le Roux, F. A. Lickorish, K. A. Monk, D. Mortimer, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. S. Peck, N. Pettorelli, J. Pretty, C. L. Seymour, M. D. Spalding, J. Wentworth, and N. Ockendon. 2019. A Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation in 2019. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34:83-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.11.001

Sutherland, W. J., E. Fleishman, M. Clout, D. W. Gibbons, F. Lickorish, L. S. Peck, J. Pretty, M. Spalding, and N. Ockendon. 2019. Ten Years On: A Review of the First Global Conservation Horizon Scan. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 34:139-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2018.12.003

Woodley, S., J. E. M. Baillie, N. Dudley, M. Hockings, N. Kingston, D. Laffoley, H. Locke, J. Lubchenco, K. MacKinnon, I. Meliane, E. Sala, and M. Spalding. 2019. A bold successor to Aichi Target 11. Science 365:649-650. https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/365/6454/649.full.pdf

 

2018

Beyer, H. L., E. V. Kennedy, M. Beger, C. A. Chen, J. Cinner, E. Darling, C. M. Eakin, R. D. Gates, S. F. Heron, N. Knowlton, D. Obura, S. R. Palumbi, H. P. Possingham, M. Puotinen, R. K. Runting, W. Skirving, M. Spalding, K. Wilson, S. Wood, J. E. Veron, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg. 2018. Risk-sensitive planning for conserving coral reefs under rapid climate change. Conservation Letters.

Cantin, N. E., and M. Spalding. 2018. Detecting and Monitoring Coral Bleaching Events. Pages 85-110 in M. J. H. van Oppen and J. M. Lough, editors. Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland.

Harborne, A. R., A. L. Green, N. A. Peterson, M. Beger, Y. Golbuu, P. Houk, M. D. Spalding, B. M. Taylor, E. Terk, E. A. Treml, S. Victor, L. Vigliola, I. D. Williams, N. H. Wolff, P. S. E. zu Ermgassen, and P. J. Mumby. 2018. Modelling and mapping regional-scale patterns of fishing impact and fish stocks to support coral-reef management in Micronesia. Diversity and Distributions 0:1-15.

Sanderman, J., T. Hengl, G. Fiske, K. Solvik, M. F. Adame, L. Benson, J. J. Bukoski, P. Carnell, M. Cifuentes-Jara, D. Donato, C. Duncan, E. M. Eid, P. z. Ermgassen, C. Ewers, L. Glass, S. Gress, S. L. Jardine, T. Jones, P. Macreadie, E. N. Nsombo, M. M. Rahman, C. Sanders, M. Spalding, and E. Landis. 2018. A global map of mangrove forest soil carbon at 30 m spatial resolution. Environmental Research Letters 13:12.

Spalding, M. D., K. Longley-Wood, M. Acosta-Morel, A. Cole, S. Wood, C. Haberland, and Z. Ferdana. 2018. Estimating Reef-Adjacent Tourism Value in the Caribbean. The Nature Conservancy.

Sutherland, W. J., S. H. M. Butchart, B. Connor, C. Culshaw, L. V. Dicks, J. Dinsdale, H. Doran, A. C. Entwistle, E. Fleishman, D. W. Gibbons, Z. Jiang, B. Keim, X. L. Roux, F. A. Lickorish, P. Markillie, K. A. Monk, D. Mortimer, J. W. P. Higgins, L. S. Peck, J. Pretty, C. L. Seymour, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, and R. A. Gleave. 2018. A 2018 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

Worthington, T., and M. Spalding. 2018. Mangrove Restoration Potential. A global map highlighting a critical opportunity. The Nature Conservancy, IUCN, University of Cambridge.

 
2017

Lewis, N., J. C. Day, D. Wagner, C. Gaymer, A. Friedlander, J. Parks, A. Wilhelm, S. White, C. Sheppard, M. Spalding, G. San Martin, A. Skeat, S. Taei, T. Teroroko, and J. Evans. 2017. Large-Scale Marine Protected Areas: Guidelines for design and management. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.

McOwen, C., L. Weatherdon, J.-W. Bochove, E. Sullivan, S. Blyth, C. Zockler, D. Stanwell-Smith, N. Kingston, C. Martin, M. Spalding, and S. Fletcher. 2017. A global map of saltmarshes. Biodiversity Data Journal 5.

Spalding, M. D., L. Burke, S. Wood, J. Ashpole, J. Hutchison, and P. z. Ermgassen. 2017. Mapping the global value and distribution of coral reef tourism. Marine Policy 82:104-113.

Sutherland, W. J., P. Barnard, S. Broad, M. Clout, B. Connor, I. M. Côté, L. V. Dicks, H. Doran, A. C. Entwistle, E. Fleishman, M. Fox, K. J. Gaston, D. W. Gibbons, Z. Jiang, B. Keim, F. A. Lickorish, P. Markillie, K. A. Monk, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. S. Peck, J. Pretty, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, B. C. Wintle, and N. Ockendon. 2017. A 2017 Horizon Scan of Emerging Issues for Global Conservation and Biological Diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution.

 

2016

Spalding, M. D., R. D. Brumbaugh, and E. Landis. 2016. Atlas of Ocean Wealth. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA.

Spalding, M.D., Meliane, I., Bennett, N.J., Dearden, P., Patil, P.G. & Brumbaugh, R.D. 2016. Building towards the marine conservation end-game: consolidating the role of MPAs in a future ocean. Aquatic Conserv: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 26(Suppl. 2): 185–199.

Spalding, M. & Zeitlin Hale, L. 2016. Marine protected areas: past, present and future – a global perspective. In: Wescott, G. & Fitzsimons, J. (Eds) Big, Bold and Blue: Lessons from Australia's Marine Protected Areas. CSIRO Publishing: Australia. pp. 9–27.

Sutherland, W. J., S. Broad, J. Caine, M. Clout, L. V. Dicks, H. Doran, A. C. Entwistle, E. Fleishman, D. W. Gibbons, B. Keim, B. LeAnstey, F. A. Lickorish, P. Markillie, K. A. Monk, D. Mortimer, N. Ockendon, J. W. Pearce-Higgins, L. S. Peck, J. Pretty, J. Rockström, M. D. Spalding, F. H. Tonneijck, B. C. Wintle, and K. E. Wright. 2016. A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2016. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 31:44-53.

 

2015

Butchart, S.H.M., Clarke, M., Smith, B., Sykes, R., Scharlemann, J.P.W., Harfoot, M., Buchanan, G.M., Angulo, R., Balmford, A., Bertzky, B., Brooks, T.M., Carpenter, K.E., Comeros, M., Cornell, J., Dulvy, N.K., Ficetola, G.F., Fishpool, L.D.C., Harwell, H., Hilton-Taylor, C., Hoffmann, M., Joolia, A., Joppa, L., Kingston, N., May, I., Milam, A., Polidoro, B., Ralph, G., Richman, N., Rondinini, C., Skolnik, B., Spalding, M., Stuart, S.N., Symes, A., Taylor, J., Visconti, P., Watson, J. & Burgess, N.D. 2015. Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8(5): 329–337. DOI: 10.1111/conl.12158 

Hutchison, J., Philipp, D. P., Claussen, J. E., Aburto‐Oropeza, O., Carrasquilla‐Henao, M., Castellanos‐Galindo, G. A., Costa, M. T., Daneshgar, P. D., Hartmann, H. J., Juanes, F., Khan, M. N., Knowles, L., Knudsen, E., Lee, S. Y., Murchie, K. J., Tiedemann, J., Ermgassen, P. z., & Spalding, M. 2015 Building an expert‐judgement based model of mangrove fisheries, in Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat, Mazatlan, Mexico. American Fisheries Society Symposium 83: 17–42. Bethesda, Maryland.

Hutchinson, J., zu Ermgassen, P.S.E. & Spalding, M. 2015. The current state of knowledge on mangrove fishery values.  In: Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Mangroves as Fish Habitat, Mazatlan, MexicoAmerican Fisheries Society Symposium 83: 3–15. Bethesda, Maryland.

Sutherland, W.J., Clout, M., Depledge, M., Dicks, L.V., Dinsdale, J., Entwistle, A.C., Fleishman, E., Gibbons, D.W., Keim, B., Lickorish, F.A., Monk, K.A., Ockendon, N., Peck, L.S., Pretty, J., Rockström, J., Spalding, M. D., Tonneijck, F.H. & Wintle, B.C. 2015. A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2015. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 30: 17–24.  DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2014.11.002 

 

2014

Hutchison, J., Spalding, M. & zu Ermgassen, P., 2014. The Role of Mangroves in Fisheries Enhancement. The Nature Conservancy and Wetlands International. 54 pp.

McIvor, A., Spencer, T., Spalding, M., Lacambra, C. & Möller, I. 2014. Mangroves, tropical cyclones and coastal hazard risk reduction. In: Ellis, J.T., Sherman, D.J. & Shroder, J.F. (Eds.) Coastal and Marine Hazards, Risks and Disasters. Elsevier.

Spalding, M., McIvor, A., Tonneijck, F. H.,Tol, S., and van Eijk, P., 2014, Mangroves for coastal defence. Guidelines for coastal managers and policy makers.

Spalding, M. D., Ruffo, S., Lacambra, C., Meliane, I., Hale, L. Z., Shepard, C. C., and Beck, M. W., 2014, The role of ecosystems in coastal protection: adapting to climate change and coastal hazards: Ocean and Coastal Management, v. 90, p. 50-57.
 
zu Ermgassen, P.S.E., Spalding, M.D. & Brumbaugh, R. 2014. Historic ecosystem service provision estimates can guide restoration efforts. In: Kittinger, J.N.J., McClenachan, L.E., Gedan, K. & Blight, L.K. (Eds.) Applying Marine Historical Ecology to Conservation and Management: Using the Past to Manage for the Future. University of California Press: Berkeley, CA.
 
2013
 

Boucher, T., M. Spalding, and C. Revenga (2013), The Role and Trends of Protected Areas in Conservation, in Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, 2nd Edition, edited by P. Kareiva and S. Levin, Elsevier, Oxford.  

Hutchison, J., Andrea Manica, Ruth Swetnam, Andrew Balmford, and Mark Spalding, "Predicting global patterns in the carbon storage of mangrove forests," Conservation Letters (2013).

Keith, D. A., Jon Paul Rodríguez, Kathryn M. Rodríguez-Clark, Kaisu Aapala, Alfonso Alonso, Marianne Asmussen, Steven Bachman, Alberto Bassett, Edmund G. Barrow, John S. Benson, Melanie J. Bishop, Ronald Bonifacio, Thomas M. Brooks, Mark A. Burgman, Patrick Comer, Francisco A. Comín, Franz Essl, Don Faber-Langendoen, Peter G. Fairweather, Robert Holdaway, Michael Jennings, Richard T. Kingsford, Rebecca E. Lester, Ralph Mac Nally, Michael A. McCarthy, Justin Moat, Emily Nicholson, María A. Oliveira-Miranda, Phil Pisanu, Brigitte Poulin, Uwe Riecken, Mark D. Spalding, and Sergio Zambrano-Martínez, "Scientific foundations for an IUCN Red List of Ecosystems," PLoS ONE (2013)

McIvor, A. L., I. Möller, T. Spencer, and M. Spalding. 2013. Mangroves as a sustainable coastal defence. Page 8 in 7th International Conference on Asian and Pacific Coasts (APAC). The Nature Conservancy, University of Cambridge, and Wetlands International, Bali, Indonesia, September 24-26. 

McIvor, A. L., T. Spencer, I. Möller, and M. Spalding. 2013. The response of mangrove soil surface elevation to sea level rise.The Nature Conservancy, University of Cambridge, and Wetlands International, Cambridge, UK.

Spalding, M.D., Imèn Meliane, Amy Milam, Claire Fitzgerald, and Lynne Z. Hale, "Protecting Marine Spaces: global targets and changing approaches," Ocean Yearbook 27, 213-248 (2013).

Spalding, M. D., A. L. McIvor, M. W. Beck, E. W. Koch, I. Möller, D. J. Reed, P. Rubinoff, T. Spencer, T. J. Tolhurst, T. V. Wamsley, B. K. v. Wesenbeeck, E. Wolanski, and C. D. Woodroffe. 2013. Coastal ecosystems: a critical element of risk reduction Conservation Letters.    

Zu Ermgassen, P. S. E., M. W. Gray, C. J. Langdon, M. D. Spalding, and R. Brumbaugh. 2013. Quantifying the historic contribution of Olympia oysters to filtration in Pacific Coast (USA) estuaries, and the implications for restoration objectives. Aquatic Ecology.

Zu Ermgassen, P. S. E., Mark D. Spalding, Raymond Grizzle, and Robert Brumbaugh, "Quantifying the loss of a marine ecosystem service: filtration by the Eastern Oyster in US estuaries," Estuaries and Coasts 36, 36-43 (2013).  

 

2012

Burke, L., K. Reytar, M. Spalding, and A. L. Perry (2012), Reefs at Risk Revisited in the Coral Triangle, 72 pp., World Resources Institute, with USAID-Asia, Coral Triangle Initiative, Coral Triangle Support Partnership, The Nature Conservancy, WorldFish Center, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre Washington, D.C.  

McIvor, A. L., I. Möller, T. Spencer, and M. Spalding. 2012. Reduction of Wind and Swell Waves by Mangroves. Natural Coastal Protection Series: Report 1., The Nature Conservancy, University of Cambridge, and Wetlands International, Cambridge, UK.  

McIvor, A. L., T. Spencer, I. Möller, and M. Spalding. 2012. Storm Surge Reduction by Mangroves. Natural Coastal Protection Series: Report 2., The Nature Conservancy, University of Cambridge, and Wetlands International, Cambridge, UK. 

Spalding, M.D., Vera Agostini, Susie Grant, and Jake Rice, "Pelagic provinces of the world: a biogeographic classification of the world’s surface pelagic waters," Ocean and Coastal Management 90, 19-30 (2012).

Sutherland, W. J., S. Bardsley, M. Clout, M. H. Depledge, L. V. Dicks, L. Fellman, E. Fleishman, D. W. Gibbons, B. Keim, F. Lickorish, C. Margerison, K. A. Monk, K. Norris, L.S. Peck, S. V. Prior, J. P. W. Scharlemann, M.D. Spalding, and A. R  Watkinson, "A horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2013," Trends in Ecology and Evolution (2012).     

Van Lavieren, H., M. Spalding, D. Alongi, M. Kainuma, M. Clüsener-Godt, and Z. Adeel (2012), Securing the Future of Mangroves. A Policy Brief., UNU-INWEH, UNESCO MAB with ISME, ITTO, FAO, UNEP WCMC and TNC, Hamilton, Canada.

Zu Ermgassen, Philine S E, Mark D. Spalding, Brady Blake, Loren D. Coen, Brett Dumbauld, Steve Geiger, Jonathan H. Grabowski, Raymond Grizzle, Mark Luckenbach, Kay McGraw, Bill Rodney, Jennifer L. Ruesink, Sean P. Powers, and Robert Brumbaugh, "Historical ecology with real numbers: Past and present extent and biomass of an imperilled estuarine habitat," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (2012).

 

2011
Sutherland, W., et al., Horizon scan of global conservation issues for 2011. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2011. 26(1): p. 10-16.

Jacquet, J., et al., Scanning the Oceans for Solutions. Solutions, 2011. 2(1): p. 46-55.

L. Burke, K Reytar, M. Spalding, and Allison L. Perry, Reefs at Risk Revisited. (World Resources Institute, The Nature Conservancy, WorldFish Center, International Coral Reef Action Network, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre and Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network, Washington, D.C., 2011).  

Toropova, C., et al., eds. Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities. 2010, IUCN, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP-WCMC, UNEP, UNU-IAS, Agence des aires marines protégées, France: Gland, Switzerland, Arlington, USA, Cambridge, UK, Nairobi, Kenya, Tokyo, Japan, and Brest, France. 96.

 

2010

Sutherland, W.J., et al., A Horizon Scan of Global Conservation Issues for 2010. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 2010. 25(1): p. 1-7.

Spalding, M.D., M. Kainuma, and L. Collins, World Atlas of Mangroves. 2010, London: Earthscan, with International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Scientific and Cultural Organisation, United Nations University.

Spalding, M., et al., The 10% Target: Where Do We stand?, in Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities, C. Toropova, et al., Editors. 2010, IUCN, The Nature Conservancy, UNEP-WCMC, UNEP, UNU-IAS, Agence des aires marines protégées, France: Gland, Switzerland, Arlington, USA, Cambridge, UK, Nairobi, Kenya, Tokyo, Japan, and Brest, France. p. 25-40.

Rodríguez, J.P., et al., Establishing IUCN Red List Criteria for threatened ecosystems. Conservation Biology, 2010. 25(1): p. 21-29.

Mangi, S., et al., Establishing a marine protected area in the Chagos Archipelago: socio-economic considerations. Report of workshop held 7 January 2010, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK. 2010, Royal Holloway, University of London: London. p. 26.

Hoekstra, J., et al., The Atlas of Global Conservation: changes, challenges and opportunities to make a difference. 2010, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Graham, N.A.J., M. Spalding, and C. Sheppard, Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2010. DOI: 10.1002/aqc.1116.

Brumbaugh, R.D., et al., Changing a management paradigm and rescuing a globally imperiled habitat. National Wetlands Newsletter, 2010. 32(6): p. 16-20.

 

2009

Veron, J.E.N., et al., The coral reef crisis: The critical importance of <350ppm CO2. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009. 58(10): p. 1428-1437.

Spalding, M., et al., Pelagic systems, in Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) – Biogeographic Classification, UNESCO, Editor. 2009, Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (UNESCO-IOC): Paris. p. 21-26.

Hale, L.Z., et al., Ecosystem-based Adaptation in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems. Renewable Resources Journal, 2009. 25(4): p. 21-28.

Graham, N.A.J., et al., Coral mortality versus structural collapse as drivers of corallivorous butterflyfish decline. Biodiversity and Conservation, 2009. 18: p. 3325-3336.

 

2008

Spalding, M.D., Detecting and monitoring coral bleaching events, in Coral Bleaching: Patterns, Processes, Causes and Consequences, M. van Oppen and J.M. Lough, Editors. 2008, Springer Verlag. p. 69-82.

M. Spalding, L. Fish, and L. Wood, "Towards representative protection of the world’s coasts and oceans – progress, gaps and opportunities," Conservation Letters 1 (5), 217-226 (2008).  

Spalding, M., L. Fish, and L. Wood, Marine Protected Areas - Coverage and Gaps, in Convention on Biological Diversity, Working Group on Protected Areas meeting 2. 2008: Rome.  

Jennifer L. Molnar, Rebecca L. Gamboa, Carmen Revenga, and Mark D. Spalding, "Assessing the global threat of invasive species to marine biodiversity," Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 6 (9), 485-492 (2008).  

Halpern, B.S., et al., A global map of human impact on marine ecosystems. Science, 2008. 319: p. 948-952.

Graham, N.A.J., et al., Climate warming, marine protected areas and the ocean-scale integrity of coral reef ecosystems. PLoS ONE, 2008. 3(8): p. 9.

Chape, S., M. Spalding, and M. Jenkins, The World's Protected Areas. Status, values, and prospects in the twenty-first century. 2008, Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 359.

Agostini, V., et al., Global Open Oceans and Deep Seabed (GOODS) bioregional classification. CoP 9 Information Document 44, in Ninth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. 2008, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Bonn, Germany. p. 79.

 

EARLIER

Spalding, M.D., et al., Marine Ecoregions of the World: a bioregionalization of coast and shelf areas. BioScience, 2007. 57(7): p. 573-583.

Spalding, M.D., Illegal sea cucumber fisheries in the Chagos Archipelago. SPC Beche-de-mer Information Bulletin, 2006. 23: p. 32-34.

Spalding, M., et al., How protected are coral reefs? Science, 2006. 314: p. 758.

Spencer, T. and M.D. Spalding, Coral reefs of Southeast Asia: controls, patterns and human impacts, in Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, A. Gupta, Editor. 2005, Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK. p. 402-427.

Chape, S., et al., Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 2005. 360: p. 443-455.

Spalding, M.D., Mangroves, in Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, J. Burley, J. Evans, and J. Youngquist, Editors. 2004, Academic Press: California. p. 1704-1712.

Spalding, M.D., A Guide to the Coral Reefs of the Caribbean. 2004, Berkeley, USA: University of California Press. 256.

Spalding, M. and P. Kramer, The Caribbean, in Defying Ocean's End: an agenda for action, L.K. Glover and S.A. Earle, Editors. 2004, Island Press: Washington DC. p. 7-41.

Spalding, M.D., et al., Global overview: the distribution and status of seagrasses, in World Atlas of Seagrasses, E.P. Green and F.T. Short, Editors. 2003, University of California Press: Berkeley, USA. p. 5-26, 262-286.

Spalding, M.D., Partial recovery of sharks in the Chagos Archipelago. Shark News, newsletter of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, 2003. 15: p. 12-3.

Sheppard, C.R.C. and M.D. Spalding, Chagos Conservation Management Plan. 2003, British Indian Ocean Territory Administration, Foreign and Commonwealth Office: London. p. 53.

Chape, S., et al., 2003 United Nations List of Protected Areas. 2003, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge UK: IUCN - World Conservation Union and UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre. 44.

Spalding, M.D. and G.E. Jarvis, The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fish communuities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2002. 44: p. 309-21.

Spalding, M.D., Spatial variation in coral reef fish biodiversity at intermediate scales around oceanic islands. Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, 2002. 1: p. 81-7.

Spalding, M., The World Heritage List - the best of all worlds? Parks, 2002. 12(3): p. 50-7.

Sheppard, C.R.C., et al., Erosion vs. recovery of coral reefs after El Niño: Chagos reefs, Indian Ocean. Ambio, 2002. 31(1): p. 40-8.

Roberts, C.M., et al., Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science, 2002. 295: p. 1280-4.

Burke, L., L. Selig, and M. Spalding, Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia. 2002, Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. 72.

Spalding, M.D., K.A. Teleki, and T. Spencer, Climate change and coral bleaching, in The Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife, R. Green, et al., Editors. 2001, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds: Sandy, UK. p. 40-41.

Spalding, M.D., C. Ravilious, and E.P. Green, World Atlas of Coral Reefs. 2001, Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 424.

Spalding, M.D. and J.M. Kemp, Patterns of biodiversity in coral reefs at intermediate scales: implications for conservation. 2001.

Spalding, M.D., Changes in marine and coastal areas, in The Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife, R. Green, et al., Editors. 2001, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds: Sandy, UK. p. 32-33.

Spalding, M.D., Mangroves, in Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences, J.H. Steele, K.K. Turekian, and S.A. Thorpe, Editors. 2001, Academic Press: California. p. 1533-1542.

Green, R., et al., The Impacts of Climate Change on Wildlife. 2001, Sandy, UK: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds.

Burke, L., et al., Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems: Coastal ecosystems. 2001, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute. 94.

Spencer, T., et al., Coral bleaching in the Southern Seychelles during the 1997-1998 Indian Ocean warm event. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2000. 40(7): p. 569-86.

Spalding, M.D., Making large marine environmental datasets available in a useful format for decision-makers, in Proceedings of the UNEP/AIMS meeting in Townsville Dec 1999, T. Done, Editor. 2000.

Spalding, M.D., The Status of Commercially Important Reef Fishes of the Chagos Archipelago: a report for the British Indian Ocean Territories Administration, Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 2000: London. p. 42.

Spalding, M.D. and P. Phillips, Mangroves and Seagrasses of the Indian Ocean. 1999.

Spalding, M.D., Biodiversity patterns in Chagos reef fishes, in Ecology of the Chagos Archipelago, C.R.C. Sheppard and M.R.D. Seaward, Editors. 1999, Published for the Linnean Society of London, by Westbury Publishing: London. p. 119-136.

Spalding, M.D., Biodiversity Patterns in Coral Reefs and Mangrove Forests: global and local scales. 1998, PhD Thesis. University of Cambridge. p. 397.

Bryant, D., et al., Reefs at Risk: a map-based indicator of threats to the world's coral reefs. 1998, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, World Conservation Monitoring Centre and United Nations Environment Programme. 56.

Anderson, R.C., et al., Shortage of Sharks at Chagos. Shark News, newsletter of the IUCN Shark Specialist Group, 1998. 10: p. 1-3.

Spalding, M.D. and A.M. Grenfell, New estimates of global and regional coral reef areas. Coral Reefs, 1997. 16: p. 225-30.

Spalding, M.D., F. Blasco, and C.D. Field, World Mangrove Atlas. 1997, Okinawa, Japan: International Society for Mangrove Ecosystems. 178.

Spalding, M.D., Mapping global coral reef distribution. Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium, Panama, 1997. 2: p. 1555-60.

Spalding, M.D., The global distribution and status of mangrove ecosystems. Intercoast Network, 1997. 1 (Spec. Ed.): p. 20-1.

Honorary Research Fellow
Senior Marine Scientist, The Nature Conservancy
Science Advisor, Chagos Archipelago
Mark Spalding

Contact Details

Strada delle Tolfe 14, Siena 53100, Italy