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Department of Zoology

 

Biography

I grew up in Montana (USA) and earned a B.A. from Wesleyan University in Middletown, CT in 1998 and a Ph.D. in Organismal Biology and Ecology from the University of Montana in 2007. I work on the evolution of morphology and behavior, particularly in the field of sexual selection.  While based at the University of Florida (2007-2024) , I received numerous grants and awards including a $1.2M award (2022-2026) from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the NSF CAREER Award (2016-2022). I care deeply about mentorship and teaching and was presented the USDA National Excellence in College and University Teaching Award (2017) and the University of Florida College of Agriculture and Life Sciences Undergraduate Teacher of the Year Award (2018). I moved here in 2024 to accept a position as a Professor of Biotic Interactions.

Research

We study the evolutionary interplay between behaviour and morphology, using insects. Our work focuses on the evolution of the weapons of sexual selection, insect-plant interactions (especially insects feeding on plants), and the role of nutrition on the expression and evolution of the insect cuticle.

Animal weapons. Animal weapons are highly diverse, even across closely related species (think about the horns of African antelope). Understanding the evolutionary forces that have led to this diversity can help us understand more broadly why animals are so varied in their forms.

Our work has revealed the influence of environmental factors on the expression and evolution of sexually selected weapons and behaviours. We found that the form of sexual selection by male-male competition changes when females are present. Further, we learned that both current and prior nutritional resources can shape the form, and even the direction, of sexual selection. 

We traced the evolution of multi-component male weapons in the leaf-footed bug superfamily, discovering that sexually selected weapons tend to add more and more components over evolutionary time. Yet, there have been spectacular losses of weapon components, and even entire weapons, across the phylogeny. We learned that certain trait combinations have evolved repeatedly across the superfamily, suggesting that certain combinations may function together especially well in battle.

We have also discovered resource allocation trade-offs between sexually selected weapons and male testes. Trade-offs such as these may shape evolutionary trajectories.

Feeding. We discovered extreme phenotypic plasticity in the mouthparts of the leaf-footed bugs. Their straw-like mouthparts can be long or short depending upon what these insects feed upon when they are young. Our work has also revealed that mouthpart length can also evolve and varies genetically across natural populations. We are now investigating the forces that can maintain such extreme (and costly) plasticity as well as the consequences for crop pests. Do pests seek out crops that are well matched for the mouthparts they grew as juveniles? Could this knowledge help farmers by informing how they should plant different plants?

Exoskeletal Cuticle. Insect species comprise over 75% of animal species on this planet, and yet we have so much to learn about how they are constructed and how environmental factors change this process. Our investigations, in collaboration with Prof Walter Federle, have revealed that nutritional quality can have a profound influence on the insect cuticle. We are currently following up on recent findings to understand what these patterns mean for sexual selection, dispersal, and evolution.

Publications

Key publications: 

Miller CW, Kimball RT & Forthman M (2024). The evolution of multi-component weapons in the superfamily of leaf-footed bugs. Evolution 78: 635–651.

Woodman TE, Chen S, Emberts Z, Wilner D, Federle W & Miller CW (2021).  Developmental nutrition affects the structural integrity of a sexually selected weapon. Integrative and Comparative Biology 61: 723-735. 

Allen PE, Cui Q & Miller CW (2021). Evidence of a rapid and adaptive response of hemipteran mouthparts to a physical barrier. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 34: 653-66. 

Joseph PN, Emberts Z, Sasson DA, & Miller CW (2018). Males that drop a sexually-selected weapon grow larger testes. Evolution. 72: 113–122. DOI: 10.1111/evo.13387. 

McCullough E, Miller CW, and Emlen DE (2016). Why sexually-selected weapons are not ornaments. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 31: 742-751. DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2016.07.004. 

Gillespie SR, Tudor MS, Moore AJ, & Miller CW (2014). Sexual selection is influenced by both developmental and adult environments. Evolution 68: 3421-3432.

Miller CW & Svensson E (2014). Sexual selection in complex environments. Annual Review of Entomology 59: 427-445.

Miller CW (2013). Sexual selection: Male-male competition. In: J. Losos, Editor. The Princeton Guide to Evolution. Princeton University Press. 

Procter DS, Moore AJ & Miller CW (2012). The form of sexual selection arising from male-male competition depends on the presence of females in the social environment. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 25: 803-812.

Professor of Biotic Interactions
Professor Christine Miller
Accepting applications for PhD students.