Modules available in Michaelmas Term:

• ZM1 Vertebrate evolution
• ZM2 Conservation science
• ZM5 Evolution and behaviour: genes and individuals
• ZM6 Cell assembly and interactions
• ZM7 From genome to proteome
• ZM9 Developmental neurobiology
• ZM10 Early development and patterning: genetics and cellular mechanisms
• N3 Neuroscience: circuits and systems
• PLM3 Evolution and ecosystem dynamics
• PS3 Brain mechanisms of emotional regulation and motivation

ZM1 Vertebrate evolution

Module Organisers: Professor Jason Head and Professor Daniel Field

This course introduces the evolution of vertebrates, integrating information from the fossil record, development, and ecology to examine major events in vertebrate history. These include the origin of vertebrates, hypotheses surrounding the origins and homologies of jaws and limbs, the evolution of vertebrates onto land, the origins and adaptive radiations in diverse groups such as ray-finned fishes, lizards, and birds, the mechanics of locomotion and feeding among dinosaurs, the evolution of specialized anatomies such as the turtle shell and the snake body form, and the kill mechanisms behind mass extinction events. The nature of the fossil record, including the processes that form the record from death to discovery, are also discussed, as is the role of the fossil record in helping to understand the future implications of human-induced environmental change.

Students will be exposed to a range of analytical techniques and philosophical approaches for inferring vertebrate history, including phylogeny reconstruction methods, comparative anatomical observation, phylogenetic taxonomy, and conservation palaeobiology methods.

Important components of the course are demonstration practical sessions which are held in the exhibit halls and demonstration rooms in the University Museum of Zoology. These sessions provide students with direct access to the fossil and modern anatomies that underpin the major hypotheses discussed in lectures. An additional practical session is held in the exhibits of the Sedgwick Museum.

ZM2 Conservation science

Module Organiser: Professor Andrew Balmford

Available as a BBS minor.

This interdepartmental course, taught by the Departments of Zoology and Plant Sciences, aims to provide an understanding of why wild nature is currently in decline, why this matters, and how biology coupled with other disciplines can be harnessed to identify potential solutions.

The course begins by explaining the distribution and importance of biodiversity, and the evidence that it is currently being lost. It then examines in detail the immediate threats to wild populations and their habitats, and the underlying drivers of those threats. The final section of lectures explores potential solutions, combining socio-economic as well as biological insights to take a constructively critical look at approaches ranging from sustainable harvesting and ecosystem restoration to agri-environment schemes and the marketing of ecosystem services.

Core lectures are supplemented by case studies given by outside experts on policy and conservation practice. There is also a field trip, a careers session, a class debate and a guided tour round various conservation organisations based in the David Attenborough Building.

ZM5 Evolution and behaviour: genes and individuals

Module Organiser: Professor Nick Mundy

The classical way to study animal behaviour separates questions concerned with function (what is the adaptive value of the behaviour? what is its evolutionary history?) from those focused on causation (how is the behaviour controlled? how does it develop during a lifetime?). The aim of this course to show how recent research is sweeping aside these traditional distinctions in two different ways, yielding new insights into the way that evolution works. Specifically:

1)    Animal behaviour, and the mechanisms by which it develops, can contribute to evolutionary change: by changing ecological conditions; by imposing selection on other parts of the phenotype and other individuals; by influencing patterns of inherited variation; and by facilitating reproductive isolation.

2)    At the same time, the mechanisms controlling behaviour and its development are themselves subject to natural selection and are adaptations for the ecological conditions in which an animal lives. This means that we can predict the particular mechanisms involved in behavioural development, as well as an animal’s immune function and its specific cognitive and sensory capacity, from aspects of its ecology.

The first half of the course focuses on the genetic foundations of behaviour and the consequences for evolutionary processes such as adaptation and speciation. In the second half of the course, the emphasis is on the adaptive value of cognitive, sensory and immune function and how they contribute to individual variation.

ZM6 Cell assembly and interactions

Module Organiser: Professor Tim Weil

(inter-departmental course with PDN)

Cells are highly organised and dynamic structures. In this module we will explore how the architecture of the cell is constructed and how cells interact with each other and their environment in order to fulfil specialised physiological functions in animals. Our current knowledge of these vital topics will be presented in depth, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell behaviour and the use of state-of-the-art live imaging techniques to visualise these dynamic processes. We will examine how cells use basic cell biological mechanisms in their complex activities within animals, including cellular behaviour during development and how cellular activities provide key physiological functions in the adult.

We will begin with a discussion of current ideas about of how cells were created during evolution, and how eukaryotic cells arose from prokaryotes. We then address how membrane compartments are constructed, and the dynamics of transfer between them and how this affects different physiological processes. Next, we will discuss how the cytoskeleton and signalling machineries allow cells to navigate within a multicellular organism, using examples from embryogenesis and immune cell migration. This is followed by an examination of how cells become polarized and adhere together to form higher order multicellular assemblies. We then study how cells sense and respond to the mechanical properties of their surroundings, using paradigms of cancer cells, neurons or stem cells. Throughout this course there will be discussion of modern techniques to visualise cell behaviours, as well as the use of different model organisms and in vitro assays.

This is an interdisciplinary, interdepartmental course (with PDN). In addition to lectures there are several interactive sessions (such as journal clubs) in which there will be discussions of key papers, experimental techniques and major concepts in the field.

ZM7 From genome to proteome

Zoology Contact: Dr Torsten Krude

(borrowed from Biochemistry)

This course aims to introduce and discuss the regulation of gene expression using a wide range of examples and different model organisms, and to introduce the range of methodology that is used in such studies. It aims to take you from the level of familiarity with textbooks and reviews up to the level of reading, understanding and critically evaluating original research papers. Control of gene expression is a topic that addresses the flow of information from the genome to the proteome. It includes the steps of gene transcription (i.e. mRNA synthesis), splicing, mRNA localization within the cell, and protein synthesis (i.e. mRNA translation). Understanding gene expression is important for understanding the fundamental functions of cells, how cells proliferate, how they respond to environmental stimuli, how they change their function during differentiation and how new complex patterns and structures emerge during development.

An understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate gene expression is therefore an essential topic of contemporary cell and developmental biology. This module introduces and discusses the factors which catalyse and regulate transcription, RNA localization and translation. It also addresses newly emerging concepts, which provide additional levels of regulation and complexity. For instance, genome projects have focussed more and more attention on patterns of gene expression in different cells, different tissues and different organisms. The tool of RNA interference has been developed to knock-out the expression of any specific gene in living cells to study the function of that particular gene in vivo. Small non-coding RNAs have been identified as regulators for fine-tuning gene expression in many systems.

Finally, the coordination of gene expression between the cell nucleus and organelles containing their own DNA will be discussed. This module is interdepartmental and the lectures are given in the Department of Biochemistry by members of the Departments of Biochemistry, Zoology and the Gurdon Institute. 

ZM9 Developmental neurobiology

Module Organiser: Professor Matthias Landgraf

(inter-departmental course with PDN)

This module addresses how the nervous system is assembled during embryonic development. Although we now understand a considerable amount about the processes involved, many fascinating questions remain.

We begin by discussing the formation of the vertebrate neural tube (future brain and spinal cord), and how this is patterned to generate distinct neuronal cell fates in different regions. Once neurons have formed, they extend axons to their targets to 'wire up' the nervous system: we explore axon guidance and how axons make and refine the synapses that will generate functional neural circuits, and discuss how circuit designs lead to function. We consider mechanisms underlying the formation of neuronal subtypes in different regions of the mammalian brain and the evolution of the cerebral cortex. We also discuss models of human brain development (cerebral organoids) and regeneration in the brain. Finally, we consider the formation of the peripheral nervous system from the migratory neural crest and cranial neurogenic placodes (good models for understanding the control of cell migration and fate-choice).

This is an inter-departmental course (with Zoology), given by researchers in the Departments of PDN, Genetics, Zoology and the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology. It is best suited for students who have studied some neurobiology in Part IB, either in MedST/VetST or in NST, but others will be able to take if if they are prepared to do some background reading.

ZM10 Early development and patterning: genetics and cellular mechanisms

Module Organiser: Dr Emília Santos

(inter-departmental course with Genetics and PDN)

This module will address how the early embryo develops from a fertilized egg to form an animal’s body plan. We will study how gene regulatory and signalling interactions drive cell fate decision making within cells and combine this with our understanding of how dynamic cell behaviours drive the shaping of tissues through morphogenesis. You will therefore learn about the key principles of embryonic development, taking examples from a range of early developmental events such as cell fate determination, germline development, gastrulation, segmentation, and somitogenesis in both invertebrate and vertebrate systems. In doing so, we will also see how a range of modern techniques are used to study development including molecular, genetic and imaging technologies. An emphasis across the module is in comparing the mechanisms across a broad range of experimental organisms and processes, in order to highlight the essential principles of developmental biology but also the diversity of animal life.

We aim to provide a course that is accessible to anyone doing Part II Zoology whatever your previous background. The module is taught jointly by Zoology, PDN and Genetics. The course is the first of two complementary modules (with ZL6), which can also be taken on their own.

N3: Neuroscience: circuits and systems

Module Organiser: Dr David Parker (PDN)

(borrowed from PDN)

We know a lot about the brain in terms of its molecular and cellular properties, and of the role of different brain regions in behaviour. What we lack is insight into how the molecular and cellular properties interact to generate cognitive functions and behaviours. This is widely considered to be the major problem facing neuroscience, illustrated by the current billion Euro and billion Dollar projects that aim to address this question.

This module will consider this problem. It will begin by considering cellular interactions in neuronal circuits, before turning to consider how these circuits act in neural systems to generate cognitive functions and behaviours.

The module will focus on various aspects of conceptual and experimental approaches to circuit/system understanding. Lectures will start with an introduction to neural circuits/systems and their analysis. This will be followed by consideration of connectomic analyses of neural circuits underlying sensory and motor function in Drosophila. Lectures will then focus on neural circuits underlying reproductive functions in mammals and cerebellum circuits that influence motor learning and behaviour. Neural systems will then be considered, with lectures on visual system pathways and the role of the vestibular system in perception and spatial navigation. The module will finish with an introduction to artificial neural networks and their role in system and circuit understanding.

The module will include interactive discussions on general features of circuit/system functions and their analysis. This will include the relative merits of experimental approaches (e.g., imaging compared to electrophysiology, will the ‘photon replace the electron’; the relative merits of experimental and computational analyses; and ultimately how can we link neuronal, circuit, and system function.

PLM3 Evolution and ecosystem dynamics

Module Organiser: Dr Sam Brockington (Plant Sciences)

(borrowed from Plant Sciences)

The phylogenetic progression of land plants allows us to relate palaeohistorical origins, from algae to bryophytes and lycopods, to their evolutionary progression through ferns and conifers to angiosperms. The module will examine the molecular basis to morphological advances, as compared to the physiological progression. The diversity engendered within, and beneath forest canopies, and the historical ecology of today’s landscape, complete our review of vegetation history and dynamics.

• From an understanding of the phylogeny of land plants, when and where did the molecular homology of key higher plant traits originate in early land plant life forms?
• What are the ecological determinants of fern, conifer and angiosperm distribution?
• How predictable is evolution and what is the role of chance versus convergence in explaining the evolution of diversity across time and space?
• When conifer and angiosperm canopies diversified, were ferns and bryophytes able to proliferate in the shade?
• What is the evidence for evo-devo origins of the angiosperm flower, co-evolution of flower structure and associated pollinators?
• What determines diversity in modern forests, and how has man shaped the landscape we see in Europe today?

This module allows the molecular phylogenies and homologies of key plant traits to be mapped on to climatic limitations, throughout land plant evolution. It represents an exciting opportunity to study the ecological determinants of diversity and learn how we can integrate modern concepts of ecology and evolution using reproductive and physiological traits.

PS3: Brain mechanisms of emotional regulation and motivation

Module Organiser: Professor Nicky Clayton (Psychology)

(borrowed from Psychology)

This module consists of the following three 8-lecture blocks:

• Motivation: Emotional and Cognitive Mechanisms of Preparatory and Consummatory Response
• Advances in Research on Stress and Stress-related Disorders
• Emotion Regulation and Aberrant Motivation

The module takes different approaches to the question of emotion and motivation: what is motivation, what is emotional regulation and what are the psychological and neural mechanisms associated with adaptive and maladaptive motivation. Therefore, this module will explore why we take some actions, avoid taking others; do what we are supposed to do and what is best for us and do things that are clearly harmful. Some behaviours are simply elicited by the environment and others might be thought to serve regulatory needs, but most are too complex to be explained in simple terms. The module provides you with a range of approaches in current psychology, from behavioural neuroscience to abnormal psychology and demonstrates potential applications to real world issues.